Abstracts

Rafael  Villegas
One  specific question runs through this essay: Is it possible to capture reality through the study of images? But  this question leads us to ask  another: to what extent might it be possible to capture the reality of the past by  making use of images. Taking as its focus Foucault’s reflections in his book  entitled The Order  of Things on  Velázquez’s Las  Meninas, the article inquires into  the epistemological status of the study of images.

K e y w o r d s :  I m a g e s ,  F o u c a u l t ,  v i s u a l sources, epistemology.

Jorge  Refugio García  Díaz
The earliest signs of prosperity in the Villa de la Asunción were observed in the year
1609 by the visitador Gaspar de la Fuente who, at the end of the Wars against the Chichimecas  (1550–1590), took   note  of the growing commercial traffic—destined primarily for the mines in Zacatecas—the abundance of water, and the relatively good quality of  the land. However, that prosperity would not  have been reached were it not for the favorable disposition of local authorities.
In those early years, the Villa’s progress in the social and economic domains depended greatly on  the growth of its population, which by  1609  had reached some 650 inhabitants. That modest population figure suggests that the number of blacks and mulattoes registered (150) was inordinately high. This is not out of  the ordinar y,  however, as much of the work done in  the first half  of  the seventeenth century was carried out by slave labor.

Keywords: Aguascalientes,  slavery, miscegenation, demography.

Jesús Asdrubal Ruíz Alcalá
The  objective of this article is to present a description of various measures implemented at the state and municipal levels to regulate the activities of the pharmaceutical sector in  the state of Jalisco during the first half of the nineteenth century. The  analysis of this historical trajectory  allows us  to  understand that the alternation  of  political control between the socalled liberals and conservatives in  no  way impeded a  continuous refining of sanitary legislation, which resulted in the opening of spaces of participation for the pharmaceutical guild in activities directly related to its  area of competence that up  to  then had been dominated by physicians.

Keywords:  Protomedicato, health policies, professions, pharmaceutical guild.

Alejandra López  Camacho
For a period of political upheaval like the second half  of the nineteenth century, clarifying, justifying and defining words and ideas becomes complex, especially when  one   takes  into   account the  fact that the lexicon used by  political groups to discuss, do politics, define parties and write in newspapers, shifted according to the changes within the political groups in power. Thus, it is necessary to understand that the conceptualization of  the term “independence” in a conservative publication like  La  Sociedad newspaper reflected the influence of Catholic beliefs and political ideas related to conservative and  monarchical principles.  If  the frequent changes in the systems of government, legislation and the individuals who held positions of power make it  difficult to decipher Mexico’s political history in the nineteenth century, it  is  even more complicated to  analyze the lexicon used by  those in educated circles who read, wrote, participated in  politics, debated and discussed topics related to  Mexico’s future. In  this context, everyday issues like written commentaries in newspapers take on  great importance for the history of political ideas.

Keywords:  Independence, divine order, beliefs, ideas, interpretation.

Jorge  Alberto Trujillo  Bretón
Banditry in nineteenth-century Latin America manifested  a  diverse typology, and the case of Jalisco, Mexico, was no exception. In addition to social ban-dits—who appeared  only  infrequently— the criminal landscape that emerged in Jalisco in the second half  of that century and the early decades of  the twentieth century featured several other types of brigands, including antisocial bandits, psychopath  bandits,  guerrilla-type ban-dits,  politician-endorsed bandits,  and employee bandits. The  emergence  of banditry reflected a  unique  social context, one   that was predominantly rural and that  neither the Restored Republic nor   the dictatorship of  General  Porfirio Díaz   succeeded  in   exterminating.  The roots of that persistent outlawry are  to be found in  such conditions as the poverty that  characterized the  period, the  out- laws’ intimate knowledge of the terrain, the slow and ineffective nature of the administration of justice, and the networks of complicity that those bandits built.

Keywords: Banditry, violence, justice, punishment, social control.

Paula  Hurtado López
The   politics  of  Chilenization  characterized  the non-combat phase that followed upon The  War of the Pacific, which ended with the signing of the Ancon Agreement that granted Chile  possession in perpetuity of the province of Tarapacá and placed Tacna and Arica under its  administration for  ten years, until a  plebiscite could be held. When the Chilean government’s at- tempts to “chileanize” those provinces failed, it opted to impose a program based on violence and the elimination of all Peruvian  influences  (desperuanización). That regimen included shutting down schools and churches, expelling teachers and priests, destroying printing houses and repatriating people. This  study presents  the  impressions captured by   two Peruvian media sources on  the situation that Tacna, Arica   and Tarapacá experienced in those years.

Keywords: Chilenization, captive  provinces, nationalism, violence.

Arturo Camacho
The  discussion in  this essay focuses on two uses of photography in  Guadalajara during the  Porfiriato. The   first  involved photography’s participation in a program implemented by Guadalajara’s municipal government from  1888  to 1913  to make identification documents (for  domestic workers and other kinds of  tradesmen). The   second was of  a  more artistic and aesthetic character,  consisting  in   photographs of popular characters (tipos populares) taken by  a  professional photographic artist. The   thread that unites these two aspects is the photographic imaging of Guadalajara’s popular classes during that period.

Keywords:  Photography,   Guadalajara, Porfiriato, popular classes.